Dinastia Ming KARATÊ-DÔ HISTÓRA E ORIGEM

Notas

^ a: http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%8F%B2#.E6.98.8E 

^ b: http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%8F%B2#.E6.98.8E 

1. ^ Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires" . Journal of world-systems research 12 (2): 219–229. ISSN 1076–156x .Retirado 12 agosto de 2010.
2. ^ Edwin Oldfather Reischauer, John King Fairbank, Albert M. Craig (1960) A history of East Asian civilization, Volume 1. East Asia: The Great Tradition , George Allen & Unwin Ltd.
3. ^ Ebrey (2006), 271.
4. ^ For the lower population estimate, see ( Fairbank & Goldman 2006 :128), for the higher estimate see ( Ebrey 1999 :197).
5. ^ ^a b Gascoigne (2003), 150.
6. ^ Ebrey (1999), 190–1.
7. ^ ^a b c Gascoigne (2003), 151.
8. ^ ^a b c Ebrey (1999), 191.
9. ^ Naquin, Susan (2000). Peking: Temples and City Life, 1400–1900 . Berkeley: University of California press. p. xxxiii. ISBN 0-520-21991-0 .
10. ^ Wakeman (1977), 207.
11. ^ Andrew & Rapp (2000), 25.
12. ^ Fairbank & Goldman (2006), 129.
13. ^ ^a b Fairbank & Goldman (2006), 134.
14. ^ Ebrey (1999), 191–2.
15. ^ ^a b c d Ebrey (1999), 192.
16. ^ ^a b c Hucker (1958), 13.
17. ^ ^a b Ebrey (1999), 192–3.
18. ^ Fairbank & Goldman (2006), 130.
19. ^ Fairbank & Goldman (2006), 129–30.
20. ^ William Ewart Gladstone, Baron Arthur Hamilton-Gordon Stanmore (1961). Gladstone-Gordon correspondence, 1851–1896: selections from the private correspondence of a British Prime Minister and a colonial Governor . 51 . American Philosophical Society. p. 27 . Obtido 2010/06/28.
21. ^ "Ethnic Uygurs in Hunan Live in Harmony with Han Chinese" .People's Daily . 29 December 2000 .
22. ^ Chih-yu Shih, Zhiyu Shi (2002). Negotiating ethnicity in China: citizenship as a response to the state . Pressione Psicologia. p.133. ISBN 0-415-28372-8 . Obtido 2010/06/28.
23. ^ Michael Dillon (1999). muçulmana da China, Hui comunidade:, a liquidação da migração e das seitas . Richmond: Curzon Press.p. 34. ISBN 0-7007-1026-4 . Obtido 2010/06/28.
24. ^ ^a b Ebrey (1999), 195.
25. ^ Ebrey (1999), 197.
26. ^ Muqi Che (1989). The Silk Road, past and present . Foreign Languages Press. p. 115. ISBN 0-8351-2100-3 . Obtido 2010/06/28.
27. ^ Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlt (2008). A History of the Moghuls of Central Asia: The Tarikh-I-Rashidi . Cosimo. p. 103. ISBN 1-60520-150-2 . Obtido 2010/06/28.
28. ^ Trudy Ring, Robert M. Salkin, Sharon La Boda (1996).International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania .Taylor & Francis. p. 323. ISBN 1-884964-04-4 . Obtido 2010/06/28.
29. ^ Godrich & Fang 1976
30. ^ Association for Asian Studies. Ming Biographical History Project Committee, Luther Carrington Goodrich, Chao-ying Fang (1976).Dictionary of Ming biography, 1368–1644 . Columbia University Press. p. 1038. ISBN 0-231-03833-X . Obtido 2010/06/28.
31. ^ Jonathan D. Spence, John E. Wills, Jr., Jerry B. Dennerline (1979). From Ming to Ch'ing: Conquest, Region, and Continuity in Seventeenth-Century China . Yale University Press. p. 177. ISBN0-300-02672-2 . Obtido 2010/06/28.
32. ^ Zhang, Yuxin; Xiang, Hongjia; Information Office of the State Council. People's Republic of China (2002). Testimony of History . China: China Intercontinental Press. p. 73. ISBN 7-80113-885-6 .
33. ^ Wang Jiawei & Nyima Gyaincain (1997), 39–41.
34. ^ Mingshi -Geography I «明史•地理一»: 東起朝鮮，西據吐番，南包安南，北距大磧。; Geography III «明史•地理三»: 七年七月置西安行都衛於此，領河州、朵甘、烏斯藏、三衛。; Western territory III «明史•列傳第二百十七西域三»
35. ^ ^a b c d Wylie (2003), 470.
36. ^ Wang & Nyima (1997), 1–40.
37. ^ Laird (2006), 106–7.
38. ^ Hoffman (2003), 65.
39. ^ Wang & Nyima (1997), 37.
40. ^ Goldstein (1997), 4–5.
41. ^ Norbu (2001), 52.
42. ^ Kolmas, 32. ^{[ not specific enough to verify ]}
43. ^ Wang & Nyima (1997), 39–40.
44. ^ Sperling (2003), 474–5, 478.
45. ^ Perdue (2000), 273.
46. ^ Kolmas, 28–9. ^{[ not specific enough to verify ]}
47. ^ Laird (2006), 131
48. ^ Kolmas, 29. ^{[ not specific enough to verify ]}
49. ^ Chan (1988), 262.
50. ^ Norbu (2001), 58.
51. ^ ^a b c Laird (2006), 137.
52. ^ Wang & Nyima (1997), 42.
53. ^ Dreyfus (2003), 504.
54. ^ Langlois (1988), 139, 161.
55. ^ Geiss (1988), 417–8.
56. ^ Ebrey (1999), 227.
57. ^ Wang & Nyima (1997), 38.
58. ^ Kolmas, 30–1. ^{[ not specific enough to verify ]}
59. ^ Goldstein (1997), 8.
60. ^ Laird (2006), 143–4.
61. ^ The Ming Biographical History Project of the Association for Asian Studies (1976), 23.
62. ^ Kolmas, 34–5. ^{[ not specific enough to verify ]}
63. ^ Goldstein (1997), 6–9.
64. ^ Laird (2006), 152.
65. ^ Brook (1998), 19.
66. ^ Brook (1998), 30–2.
67. ^ Brook (1998), 28–9.
68. ^ ^a b Brook (1998), 65–7.
69. ^ Brook (1998), 27–8, 94–5.
70. ^ ^a b c Brook (1998), 97.
71. ^ Brook (1998), 85, 146, 154.
72. ^ Brook (1998), 136–7.
73. ^ Brook (1998), 69.
74. ^ Brook (1998), 65–6, 112–3.
75. ^ Brook (1998), 113–7.
76. ^ Brook (1998), 124-5.
77. ^ Brook (1998), 144-5.
78. ^ Brook (1998), 128, 144.
79. ^ Brook (1998), 7.
80. ^ Brook (1998), 73.
81. ^ Brook (1998), 6–7, 90–1.
82. ^ Brook (1998), 90–3.
83. ^ Brook (1998), 90–3, 129–30, 151.
84. ^ Brook (1998), 128–9, 134–8.
85. ^ Gernet (1962), 60–1, 68–9.
86. ^ Brook (1998), 161.
87. ^ Brook (1998), 10, 49–51, 56.
88. ^ Brook (1998), 40–3.
89. ^ Brook (1998), 10, 118–9.
90. ^ ^{a b c d e} Hucker (1958), 25.
91. ^ Brook (1998), 102.
92. ^ Brook (1998), 108.
93. ^ Brook (1998), 68–9, 81–3.
94. ^ Fairbank & Goldman (2006), 134–5.
95. ^ Brook (1998), xx.
96. ^ Brook (1998), xxi, 89.
97. ^ Robinson (2000), 527.
98. ^ Atwell (2002), 84.
99. ^ ^a b Ebrey (2006), 272.
100. ^ ^a b c Ebrey (1999), 194.
101. ^ Brook (1998), 46–7.
102. ^ Brook (1998), 47.
103. ^ Brook (1998), 74–5.
104. ^ ^a b Chang (2007), 66–7.
105. ^ Fairbank & Goldman (2006), 137.
106. ^ Xin Yuanou: Guanyu Zheng He baochuan chidu de jishu fenxi (A Technical Analysis of the Size of Zheng He's Ships). Shanghai 2002, p. 8.
107. ^ Church: The Colossal Ships of Zheng He — Image or Reality?, Sally K in Salmon, Claudine; Ptak, Roderich; Höllmann, Thomas, eds. (2005), Zheng He — Images & Perceptions , South China and Maritime Asia, 15 , Wiesbaden: O. Harrasowitz, pp. 155–76, ISBN3-447-05114-0 .
108. ^ Fairbank & Goldman (2006), 137–8.
109. ^ ^a b c Fairbank & Goldman (2006), 138.
110. ^ ^a b c d Fairbank & Goldman (2006), 139.
111. ^ Robinson (1999), 80.
112. ^ Fairbank & Goldman (2006), 138–9.
113. ^ ^a b Ebrey (2006), 273.
114. ^ Robinson (2000), 533–4.
115. ^ Robinson (2000), 534.
116. ^ Yingzong Shilu , 184.17b, 185.5b.
117. ^ Robinson (1999), 85, footnote 18.
118. ^ Robinson (1999), 83.
119. ^ Robinson (1999), 84–5.
120. ^ Robinson (1999), 96–7.
121. ^ Robinson (1999), 79, 101–8.
122. ^ Robinson (1999), 81.
123. ^ Laird (2006), 141.
124. ^ Robinson (1999), 83, 101.
125. ^ Ebrey (1999), 208.
126. ^ ^a b c d Ebrey (1999), 211.
127. ^ Ebrey (1999), 214.
128. ^ ^a b c d Brook (1998), 124.
129. ^ Pfoundes (1882), 89.
130. ^ Nowell (1947), 8.
131. ^ Mote et al. (1998), 339.
132. ^ Mote et al. (1998), 337–8.
133. ^ Needham (1986), "7", 5 , p. 369 .
134. ^ Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. China Branch (1895). Journal of the China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society for the year… . 27-8 . p. 44 . Obtido 2010/06/28.
135. ^ Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. North-China Branch (1894). Journal of the North-China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society . 26–7 . p. 44 . Obtido 2010/06/28.
136. ^ The Ming Biographical History Project of the Association for Asian Studies (1976), 410–1.
137. ^ ^a b Brook (1998), 206.
138. ^ Brook (1998), 205–6.
139. ^ ^a b Spence (1999), 19–20.
140. ^ ^a b c Spence (1999), 20.
141. ^ Brook (1998), 205.
142. ^ Crosby (2003), 198–201.
143. ^ Gernet (1962), 136.
144. ^ Crosby (2003), 200.
145. ^ Hucker (1958), 31.
146. ^ ^a b c Spence (1999), 16.
147. ^ Ebrey (2006), 281–3.
148. ^ Ebrey (1999), 203–6, 213.
149. ^ ^a b Ebrey (1999), 194–5.
150. ^ ^a b Spence (1999), 17.
151. ^ Hucker (1958), 11.
152. ^ Spence (1999), 17–8.
153. ^ Spence (1999), 19.
154. ^ Brook (1998), 208.
155. ^ Brook (1998), 289.
156. ^ Spence (1999), 20–1.
157. ^ ^a b c Spence (1999), 21.
158. ^ Spence (1999), 22–4.
159. ^ Tsunami among world's worst disasters . BBC News.December 30, 2004.
160. ^ Spence (1999), 27.
161. ^ ^a b Spence (1999), 24.
162. ^ Spence (1999), 24–5.
163. ^ Spence (1999), 24, 28.
164. ^ ^a b Chang (2007), 92.
165. ^ ^a b Spence (1999), 31.
166. ^ Spence (1999), 21–2.
167. ^ ^a b Spence (1999), 22.
168. ^ ^a b c Spence (1999), 25.
169. ^ Spence (1999), 32–3.
170. ^ Spence (1999), 33.
171. ^ Spence (1999), 34–5.
172. ^ Yuan (1994), 193–4.
173. ^ Hartwell (1982), 397–8.
174. ^ Hucker (1958), 5.
175. ^ ^a b Hucker (1958), 28.
176. ^ Chang (2007), 15, footnote 42.
177. ^ ^a b Chang (2007), 16.
178. ^ ^a b Hucker (1958), 16.
179. ^ Hucker (1958), 23.
180. ^ Hucker (1958), 29–30.
181. ^ Hucker (1958), 30.
182. ^ Hucker (1958), 31–32.
183. ^ Hucker (1958), 32.
184. ^ Hucker (1958), 33.
185. ^ Hucker (1958), 33–35.
186. ^ Hucker (1958), 35.
187. ^ ^a b Hucker (1958), 36.
188. ^ ^a b c d Hucker (1958), 24.
189. ^ Hucker (1958), 11, 25.
190. ^ Hucker (1958), 25–26.
191. ^ ^a b c Hucker (1958), 26.
192. ^ Ebrey (1999), 200.
193. ^ ^a b Hucker (1958), 12.
194. ^ Ebrey (2006), 96.
195. ^ Ebrey (1999), 145–6.
196. ^ ^a b c Ebrey (1999), 199.
197. ^ Ebrey (1999), 198–9.
198. ^ Ebrey (1999), 201–2.
199. ^ Ebrey (1999), 202.
200. ^ ^a b Ebrey (1999), 198.
201. ^ Hucker (1958), 11–2.
202. ^ ^a b Hucker (1958), 14.
203. ^ Brook (1998), xxv.
204. ^ Hucker (1958), 15–6.
205. ^ Hucker (1958), 17.
206. ^ Hucker (1958), 18.
207. ^ Hucker (1958), 18–9.
208. ^ Hucker (1958), 24–5.
209. ^ Hucker (1958), 8.
210. ^ ^a b Hucker (1958), 19.
211. ^ Fairbank & Goldman (2006), 109–12.
212. ^ Hucker (1958), 19–20.
213. ^ Robinson (1999), 116–7.
214. ^ ^a b Spence (1999), 10.
215. ^ Brook (1998), 224–5.
216. ^ Brook (1998), 225.
217. ^ Brook (1998), 225–6.
218. ^ Needham (1986), Volume 3, 524.
219. ^ Hargett (1985), 69.
220. ^ Brook (1998), xxi.
221. ^ Brook (1998), 215–7.
222. ^ Ebrey (2006), 104–5.
223. ^ Ebrey (1999), 202–3.
224. ^ Chang (2007), 318–9.
225. ^ Chang (2007), 319.
226. ^ ^a b Chang (2007), 318.
227. ^ Brook (1998), 229–31.
228. ^ Ebrey (1999), 201.
229. ^ ^a b Ebrey (1999), 212.
230. ^ Wong (1963), 30–2.
231. ^ White (1966), Volume 1, 31–8.
232. ^ Lipman (1998), 39.
233. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Ebrey (2006), 282.
234. ^ Ebrey (2006), 281.
235. ^ ^a b Ebrey (2006), 281–282.
236. ^ Ebrey (2006), 283.
237. ^ Ebrey (1999), 158.
238. ^ Brook (1998), 230.
239. ^ ^a b c Ebrey (1999), 213.
240. ^ Ebrey (1999), 206.
241. ^ ^a b c Spence (1999), 13.
242. ^ ^a b Spence (1999), 12–3.
243. ^ Brook (1998), 229, 232.
244. ^ Brook (1998), 232–3.
245. ^ Schafer (1956), 57.
246. ^ ^a b c Brook (1998), 95.
247. ^ Spence (1999), 14.
248. ^ Needham (1986), Volume 3, 444–5.
249. ^ Needham (1986), Volume 3, 444–7.
250. ^ Wong (1963), 31 (footnote 1).
251. ^ Needham (1986), Volume 3, 110.
252. ^ Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 2, 255–7.
253. ^ ^a b Kuttner (1975), 166.
254. ^ ^a b c d Engelfriet (1998), 78.
255. ^ Kuttner (1975), 166–7.
256. ^ ^a b Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 2, pp. 133, 508.
257. ^ Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 2, 438.
258. ^ Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 2, 509.
259. ^ Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 2, 511.
260. ^ Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 2, 510–1.
261. ^ Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 2, 276.
262. ^ Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 2, 274–6.
263. ^ Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 2, 171–2.
264. ^ Song (1966), 7–30, 84–103.
265. ^ Song (1966), 171–2, 189, 196.
266. ^ Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 3, 668
267. ^ Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 3, 634, 649–50, 668–9.
268. ^ Song (1966), 36–6.
269. ^ Song (1966), 237, 190.
270. ^ Needham (1986), Volume 5, Part 7, 126.
271. ^ Needham (1986), Volume 5, Part 7, 205, 339 F.
272. ^ Needham (1986), Volume 6, Part 2, 65–6.
273. ^ Needham (1986), Volume 5, Part 7, 372.
274. ^ Needam (1986), Volume 5, Part 7, 24–5.
275. ^ Needham (1986), Volume 5, Part 7, 264.
276. ^ Needham (1986), Volume 5, Part 7, 203–5.
277. ^ Needham (1986), Volume 5, Part 7, 205.
278. ^ Needham (1986), Volume 5, Part 7, 498–502.
279. ^ Needham (1986), Volume 5, Part 7, 508.
280. ^ Needham (1986), Volume 5, Part 7, 229.
281. ^ Temple (1986), 137.
282. ^ "Who invented the toothbrush and when was it invented?" . A Biblioteca do Congresso. 2007-04-04 . Obtido 2008-08-18.
283. ^ Brook (1998), 27.
284. ^ ^a b Brook (1998), 267.
285. ^ Brook (1998), 97–9.
286. ^ ^a b Brook (1998), 28, 267.
287. ^ ^a b c Brook (1998), 28.
288. ^ Brook (1998), 27–8.
289. ^ Ho (1959), 8–9, 22, 259.
290. ^ Atwell (2002), 86.
291. ^ Brook (1998), 94–6.
292. ^ ^a b Brook (1998), 162.
293. ^ Fairbank & Goldman (2006), 128.
294. ^ Brook (1998), 163.