sábado, 21 de maio de 2011

Guerra Sino-Japonesa Segunda KARATÊ-DÔ HISTÓRIA E ORIGEM


Notas

  1. ^ Taylor, Jay, The Generalissimo, p.645.
  2. ^ Chung Wu Taipei "History of the Sino-Japanese war (1937–1945)" 1972 pp 535
  3. ^ Jowett, Phillip, Rays of the Rising Sun, p.72.
  4. ^ Clodfelter, Michael "Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference", Vol. 2, pp. 956.
  5. ^ Dower, John "War Without Mercy", pp. 297.
  6. a b Chung Wu Taipei "History of the Sino-Japanese war (1937–1945)" 1972 pp 565
  7. ^ Bix, Herbert P. (1992), "The Showa Emperor's 'Monologue' and the Problem of War Responsibility", Journal of Japanese Studies18 (2): 295–363, doi : 10.2307/132824
  8. ^ China did not declare war on Japan de jure until December 1941, for fear of alienating the Western powers in Asia. Once Japan broadened the conflict, China was free to officially declare war on Japan.
  9. ^ Wilson, Dick, When Tigers Fight: The story of the Sino-Japanese War, 1937–1945, p.5
  10. ^ Wilson, Dick, p.4
  11. ^ "Foreign News: Revenge?" . Time magazine . 13 August 1923 .
  12. ^ Hoyt, Edwin P., Japan's War: The Great Pacific Conflict, p.45
  13. ^ Palmer and Colton, A History of Modern World, p.725
  14. ^ Taylor, Jay, p.33
  15. ^ Taylor, Jay, p.57
  16. ^ Taylor, Jay, p.79, p.82
  17. ^ Boorman, Biographical Dictionary, vol.1, p.121
  18. ^ Taylor, Jay, p.83
  19. ^ Herbert Bix, Hirohito and the making of modern Japan, 2001, p.364
  20. ^ Fu Jing-hui, An Introduction of Chinese and Foreign History of War, 2003, p.109–111
  21. ^ Ray Huang, Chiang Kai-shek Diary from a Macro History Perspective, 1994, p.168
  22. ^ Ray Huang, 1994, p.259
  23. ^ "Crisis" . Time magazine . 13 November 1944 .
  24. ^ Taylor, Jay, The Generalissimo, p.156.
  25. ^ [1] link morto ]
  26. ^ "Memorandum by Mr J. McEwen, Minister for External Affairs 10 May 1940" . Info.dfat.gov.au . Obtido 2010/12/02.
  27. ^ "China's Declaration of War Against Japan, Germany and Italy"Contemporary China (jewishvirtuallibrary.org) 1 (15). December 15, 1941 . Retirado 10 de setembro de 2010.
  28. ^ Hans Van de Ven, "Stilwell in the Stocks: The Chinese Nationalists and the Allied Powers in the Second World War,"Asian Affairs 34.3 (November 2003): 243-259.
  29. ^ Ray Huang, 1994, p.299-300.
  30. ^ Roy MacLaren, 1981, p.200-220
  31. ^ Ray Huang, 1994, p.420
  32. ^ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named d2723 ; see Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text
  33. ^ Marr (1995), p. 165.
  34. ^ James P. Harrison (1989). The endless war: Vietnam's struggle for independence . Columbia University Press. p. 81. ISBN023106909X . Obtido 2010/11/30.
  35. ^ Estados Unidos. Joint Chiefs of Staff. Historical Division (1982).The History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff: History of the Indochina incident, 1940-1954 . Michael Glazier. p. 56 . Obtido 2010/11/30.
  36. ^ Oscar Chapuis (2000). The last emperors of Vietnam: from Tu Duc to Bao Dai . Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 106. ISBN 0-313-31170-6 . Obtido 2010/11/30.
  37. ^ William J. Duiker (1976). The rise of nationalism in Vietnam, 1900-1941 . Cornell University Press. p. 272. ISBN 0801409519. Obtido 2010/11/30.
  38. ^ Barbara Wertheim Tuchman (1985). The march of folly: from Troy to Vietnam . Random House, Inc.. p. 235. ISBN 0345308239 .Obtido 2010/11/28.
  39. ^ Larry H. Addington (2000). America's war in Vietnam: a short narrative history . Indiana University Press. p. 30. ISBN0253213606 . Obtido 2010/11/28.
  40. ^ Peter Neville (2007). Britain in Vietnam: prelude to disaster, 1945-6 . Pressione Psicologia. p. 119. ISBN 0415358485 . Obtido 2010/11/28.
  41. ^ Van Nguyen Duong (2008). The tragedy of the Vietnam War: a South Vietnamese officer's analysis . McFarland. p. 21. ISBN0786432853 . Obtido 2010/11/28.
  42. ^ Stein Tønnesson (2010). Vietnam 1946: how the war began .University of California Press. p. 41. ISBN 0520256026 . Obtido 2010/11/28.
  43. ^ Elizabeth Jane Errington (1990). The Vietnam War as history: edited by Elizabeth Jane Errington and BJC McKercher .Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 63. ISBN 0275935604 . Obtido 2010/11/28.
  44. ^ "The Vietnam War Seeds of Conflict 1945 - 1960" . The History Place. 1999 . Obtido 2010/12/28.
  45. ^ Hsiao-ting Lin (2010). Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers: A Journey to the West . Taylor & Francis. p. 58. ISBN 0415582644 . Obtido 2010/06/28.
  46. ^ Asia, Volume 40 . Asia Magazine. 1940 . Obtido 2010/06/28.
  47. ^ "War, Leadership and Ethnopolitics: Chiang Kai-shek and China's frontiers, 1941–1945" . Informaworld.com . Obtido 2010/12/02.
  48. ^ "Nationalists, Muslim Warlords, and the “Great Northwestern Development” in Pre-Communist China" . Docs.google.com .Obtido 2010/12/02.
  49. ^ Human Relations Area Files, inc (1956). A regional handbook on Northwest China, Volume 1 . Printed by the Human Relations Area Files. p. 74 . Obtido 2010/06/28.
  50. ^ Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs (1982). Journal of the Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, Volumes 4-5 . King Abdulaziz University. p. 299 . Obtido 2010/06/28.
  51. ^ "Washington Treaty in Relation to the Use of Submarines and Noxious Gases in Warfare — World War I Document Archive" . Wwi.lib.byu.edu . Obtido 2010/12/02.
  52. ^ Y. Yoshimi and S. Matsuno, Dokugasusen Kankei Shiryō II (Materials on poison gas warfare), Kaisetsu, Hōkan 2, Jugonen Sensō Gokuhi Shiryōshu , 1997, p.27–29
  53. ^ Yoshimi and Matsuno, idem , Herbert Bix , Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, 2001, p.360–364
  54. ^ Japan triggered bubonic plague outbreak, doctor claims , [2] ,http://www.scaruffi.com/politics/wwii.html , A time-line of World War II, Scaruffi Piero. Prince Tsuneyoshi Takeda and Prince Mikasareceived a special screening by Shirō Ishii of a film showing imperial planes loading germ bombs for bubonic dissemination over Ningbo in 1940. (Daniel Barenblatt, A Plague upon Humanity , 2004, p.32.) All these weapons were experimented with on humans before being used in the field.
  55. ^ Daniel Barenblatt, A Plague upon Humanity , 2004, pages 220–221.
  56. ^ Frederick Roelker Wulsin, Mary Ellen Alonso, Joseph Fletcher, Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, National Geographic Society (US), Peabody Museum of Salem, Pacific Asia Museum (1979). China's inner Asian frontier: photographs of the Wulsin expedition to northwest China in 1923 : from the archives of the Peabody Museum, Harvard University, and the National Geographic Society . The Museum : distributed by Harvard University Press. p. 108. ISBN 0674119681 . Obtido 2010/06/28.
  57. ^ A. Stéphane Dudoignon, Hisao Komatsu, Yasushi Kosugi (2006). intelectuais do mundo islâmico moderno:, transformação, transmissão de comunicação . Taylor & Francis. p. 375. ISBN0415368359 . Obtido 2010/06/28.
  58. ^ Robert L. Jarman (2001). China Political Reports 1911–1960: 1942–1945 . Archive Editions. p. 311. ISBN 1852079304 . Obtido 2010/06/28.
  59. ^ Hisao Kimura, Scott Berry (1990). Japanese agent in Tibet: my ten years of travel in disguise . Publicações Serindia, Inc.. p. 232.ISBN 0906026245 . Obtido 2010/06/28.
  60. ^ John Gunther (2007). Inside Asia – 1942 War Edition . Leia livros. p. 668. ISBN 1406715328 . Obtido 2010/06/28.
  61. ^ Nihon Gaiji Kyōkai (1938). Contemporary Japan: a review of Far Eastern affairs, Volume 7 . The Foreign Affairs Association of Japan. . Obtido 2010/06/28.
  62. ^ Xiaoyuan Liu (2004). Frontier passages: ethnopolitics and the rise of Chinese communism, 1921–1945 . Stanford University Press.p. 240. ISBN 0804749604 . Obtido 2010/06/28.
  63. ^ George Barry O'Toole, Jên-yü Tsʻai (1941). The China monthly, Volumes 3–5 . The China monthly incorporated. . Obtido 2010/06/28.
  64. ^ Masumi, Matsumoto. "The completion of the idea of dual loyalty towards China and Islam" . Obtido 2010/06/28.
  65. ^ A. Stéphane Dudoignon, Hisao Komatsu, Yasushi Kosugi (2006). intelectuais do mundo islâmico moderno:, transformação, transmissão de comunicação . Taylor & Francis. p. 375. ISBN0415368359 . Obtido 2010/06/28.
  66. ^ Jonathan Neaman Lipman (2004). Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China . Seattle: Imprensa da Universidade de Washington. p. 266. ISBN 9050295976446 . Obtido 2010/06/28.
  67. ^ Papers from the Conference on Chinese Local Elites and Patterns of Dominance, Banff, August 20–24, 1987, Volume 3 .1987. p. 254 . Obtido 2010/06/28.
  68. ^ Stéphane A. Dudoignon (2004). Devout societies vs. impious states?: transmitting Islamic learning in Russia, Central Asia and China, through the twentieth century : proceedings of an international colloquium held in the Carré des Sciences, French Ministry of Research, Paris, November 12–13, 2001 . Schwarz..p. 282. ISBN 3879973148 . Obtido 2010/06/28.
  69. ^ Jonathan Neaman Lipman (2004). Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China . Seattle: Imprensa da Universidade de Washington. p. 266. ISBN 9050295976446 . Obtido 2010/06/28.
  70. ^ Andrew DW Forbes (1986). Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949 . Cambridge, na Inglaterra: Arquivo CUP. p. 130. ISBN9780521255141 . Obtido 2010/06/28.
  71. ^ A. Stéphane Dudoignon, Hisao Komatsu, Yasushi Kosugi (2006). intelectuais do mundo islâmico moderno:, transformação, transmissão de comunicação . Taylor & Francis. p. 375. ISBN0415368359 . Obtido 2010/06/28.
  72. ^ Australian National University. Department of Far Eastern History (1989). Papers on Far Eastern history, Issues 39–42 . Canberra: Dept. of Far Eastern History, Australian National University. pp. 125, 127 . Obtido 2010/06/28.
  73. ^ Frederick Roelker Wulsin, Mary Ellen Alonso, Joseph Fletcher, Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, National Geographic Society (US), Peabody Museum of Salem, Pacific Asia Museum (1979). China's inner Asian frontier: photographs of the Wulsin expedition to northwest China in 1923 : from the archives of the Peabody Museum, Harvard University, and the National Geographic Society . Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Museum : distributed by Harvard University Press. p. 108. ISBN 0674119681, 9780674119680 . Obtido 2010/06/28.
  74. ^ Jonathan Neaman Lipman (2004). Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China . Seattle: Imprensa da Universidade de Washington. pp. 125, 126 . Obtido 2010/06/28.
  75. ^ "Ma Buluan" . Generals.dk . Obtido 2010/12/02.
  76. ^ "马家军悲壮的抗战:百名骑兵集体投河殉国(1)" . 军事-中华网 . 19 September 2008 .
  77. ^ Dinesh Lal (2008). Indo-Tibet–China conflict . Gyan Editora. p.309. ISBN 8178357143 . Obtido 2010/06/28.
  78. ^ Lin, Hsiao-ting. "War or Stratagem? Reassessing China's Military Advance towards Tibet, 1942–1943" . Obtido 2010/06/28.
  79. ^ http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&rls=com.microsoft%3Aen-us&q=chiang+ma+bufang+qinghai+troops+sino+tibetan+border+site%3Ajournals.cambridge.org&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&oq=&gs_rfai=
  80. ^ David P. Barrett, Lawrence N. Shyu (2001). China in the anti-Japanese War, 1937–1945: politics, culture and society . Peter Lang. p. 240. ISBN 0820445568 . Obtido 2010/06/28.
  81. ^ David SG Goodman (2004). China's campaign to "Open up the West": national, provincial, and local perspectives . Cambridge University Press. p. 204. ISBN 0521613493 . Obtido 2010/06/28.
  82. ^ American Asiatic Association (1940). Asia: journal of the American Asiatic Association, Volume 40 . Pub. Ásia. Co.. p. 660. Obtido 2011/05/08.
  83. ^ http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/glantz3/glantz3.asp
  84. ^ Robert Pape A.. Why Japan Surrendered. International Security , Vol. 18, No. 2 (Autumn, 1993), pp. 154–201
  85. a b World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Taiwan : Overview UNHCR
  86. ^ name="aao.sinica.edu.tw" [3] Disputes over Taiwanese Sovereignty and the Sino-Japanese Peace Treaty Since World War II
  87. ^ [4] FOCUS: Taiwan–Japan ties back on shaky ground as Taipei snubs Tokyo envoy
  88. ^ "抗战胜利大事记:共产党抗日武装战史[组图]" . News.xinhuanet.com . Obtido 2010/12/02.
  89. ^ Kahn, Joseph (4 September 2005). "China Observes Date of Japan's Surrender" . New York Times . Retrieved May 23, 2010 .
  90. ^ Chang and Ming, July 12, 2005, pg. 8; and Chang and Halliday, pg. 233, 246, 286–287
  91. ^ Dallin and Firsov, Dimitrov and Stalin, pp.115, 120
  92. ^ Yang Kuisong, "The Formation and Implementation of the Chinese Communists' Guerrilla Warfare Strategy in the Enemy's Rear during the Sino-Japanese War", paper presented at Harvard University Conference on Wartime China, Maui, January 2004, pp. 32–36
  93. ^ Chang and Halliday, pg. 231
  94. ^ Chang and Halliday, pg. 232
  95. ^ s:zh:中国共产党为日帝国主义强占东三省第二次宣言
  96. ^ Arthur Waldron, China's New Remembering of World War II: The Case of Zhang Zizhong , Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 30, No. 4, Special Issue: War in Modern China (Oct., 1996), pp. 972
  97. ^ "Remember role in ending fascist war" . Chinadaily.com.cn.2005-08-15 . Obtido 2010/12/02.
  98. ^ "Energia Nuclear: O fim da guerra contra o Japão" . Bbc.co.uk .Obtido 2010/12/02.
  99. ^ Hsu Long-hsuen "History of the Sino-Japanese war (1937–1945)" Taipei 1972
  100. ^ Ho Ping-ti. Studies on the Population of China, 1368–1953. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1959.
  101. ^ Himeta, Sankô sakusen towa nan dataka-Chûgokujin no mita Nihon no sensô , Iwanami Bukuretto 1996, p.43.
  102. ^ Ho Ying-chin , Who Actually Fought the Sino-Japanese War 1937–1945? 1978
  103. ^ Ministry of Defense (Japan) official figures.
  104. ^ This was the official death toll released by the Japanese Defense Ministry, but some Historians put casualty numbers at higher rate.
  105. ^ ed. Coox, Alvin and Hilary Conroy "China and Japan: A Search for Balance since World War I", pp. 308.
  106. a b ed. Coox, Alvin and Hilary Conroy "China and Japan: A Search for Balance since World War I", pp. 308.
  107. ^ ed. Dower, John "War Without Mercy", pp. 297.
  108. ^ Dower, John "War Without Mercy", pp. 297
  109. ^ ed. Coox, Alvin and Hilary Conroy "China and Japan: A Search for Balance since World War I", pp. 296.
  110. ^ China monthly review, Volume 95 . Millard Publishing Co..1940. p. 187 . Obtido 2010/06/28.
  111. ^ "google search of the source" . Google.com. 2004-05-23 .Obtido 2010/12/02.
  112. ^ "(source continued)" . Google.com. 2004-05-23 . Obtido 2010/12/02.
  113. a b David Murray Horner (24 July 2003). The Second World War: The Pacific . Taylor & Francis. pp. 14–15. ISBN 9780415968454 .Obtido 6 de março de 2011.
  114. ^ Jowett, Phillip, Rays of the Rising Sun, pg.130–133.

Referências e bibliografia

  • Jowett, Phillip (2005). Rays of the Rising Sun: Japan's Asian Allies 1931–45 Volume 1: China and Manchukuo . Helion and Company Ltd. ISBN 1-874622-21-3 . - Book about the Chinese and Mongolians who fought for the Japanese during the war.
  • Long-hsuen, Hsu; Chang Ming-kai (1972). History of the Sino-Japanese war (1937–1945) . Chung Wu Publishers. ASIN B00005W210.
  • Peattie, Mark. Edward Drea, and Hans van de Ven, eds. (2011) The Battle for China: Essays on the Military History of the Sino-Japanese War of 1937-1945 (Stanford University Press); 614 pages
  • Taylor, Jay (2009). The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the struggle for modern China . Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 987-0-674-03338-2 .
  • Wilson, Dick (1982). When Tigers Fight: The story of the Sino-Japanese War, 1937–1945 . New York: Viking Press. ISBN 0-670-76003-X .
  • Salisbury, Harrison (2000). China 100 years of revolution . JC Suates. doi : 10.1007/b62130 . ISBN 0233975993 .
  • Zarrow, Peter. "The War of Resistance, 1937–45". China in war and revolution 1895–1949 . London: Routledge, 2005.
  • MacLaren, Roy (1981). Canadians Behind Enemy Lines 1939-1945 . UBC Press. ISBN 0-7748-1100-5 . - Book about the Chinese Canadians and Americans who fought against Japan in the Second World War.

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