quinta-feira, 19 de maio de 2011

Dinastia Ming KARATÊ-DÔ HISTÓRA E ORIGEM


Notas

  1. ^ Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires" . Journal of world-systems research 12 (2): 219–229. ISSN 1076–156x .Retirado 12 agosto de 2010.
  2. ^ Edwin Oldfather Reischauer, John King Fairbank, Albert M. Craig (1960) A history of East Asian civilization, Volume 1. East Asia: The Great Tradition , George Allen & Unwin Ltd.
  3. ^ Ebrey (2006), 271.
  4. ^ For the lower population estimate, see ( Fairbank & Goldman 2006 :128), for the higher estimate see ( Ebrey 1999 :197).
  5. a b Gascoigne (2003), 150.
  6. ^ Ebrey (1999), 190–1.
  7. a b c Gascoigne (2003), 151.
  8. a b c Ebrey (1999), 191.
  9. ^ Naquin, Susan (2000). Peking: Temples and City Life, 1400–1900 . Berkeley: University of California press. p. xxxiii. ISBN 0-520-21991-0 .
  10. ^ Wakeman (1977), 207.
  11. ^ Andrew & Rapp (2000), 25.
  12. ^ Fairbank & Goldman (2006), 129.
  13. a b Fairbank & Goldman (2006), 134.
  14. ^ Ebrey (1999), 191–2.
  15. a b c d Ebrey (1999), 192.
  16. a b c Hucker (1958), 13.
  17. a b Ebrey (1999), 192–3.
  18. ^ Fairbank & Goldman (2006), 130.
  19. ^ Fairbank & Goldman (2006), 129–30.
  20. ^ William Ewart Gladstone, Baron Arthur Hamilton-Gordon Stanmore (1961). Gladstone-Gordon correspondence, 1851–1896: selections from the private correspondence of a British Prime Minister and a colonial Governor . 51 . American Philosophical Society. p. 27 . Obtido 2010/06/28.
  21. ^ "Ethnic Uygurs in Hunan Live in Harmony with Han Chinese" .People's Daily . 29 December 2000 .
  22. ^ Chih-yu Shih, Zhiyu Shi (2002). Negotiating ethnicity in China: citizenship as a response to the state . Pressione Psicologia. p.133. ISBN 0-415-28372-8 . Obtido 2010/06/28.
  23. ^ Michael Dillon (1999). muçulmana da China, Hui comunidade:, a liquidação da migração e das seitas . Richmond: Curzon Press.p. 34. ISBN 0-7007-1026-4 . Obtido 2010/06/28.
  24. a b Ebrey (1999), 195.
  25. ^ Ebrey (1999), 197.
  26. ^ Muqi Che (1989). The Silk Road, past and present . Foreign Languages Press. p. 115. ISBN 0-8351-2100-3 . Obtido 2010/06/28.
  27. ^ Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlt (2008). A History of the Moghuls of Central Asia: The Tarikh-I-Rashidi . Cosimo. p. 103. ISBN 1-60520-150-2 . Obtido 2010/06/28.
  28. ^ Trudy Ring, Robert M. Salkin, Sharon La Boda (1996).International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania .Taylor & Francis. p. 323. ISBN 1-884964-04-4 . Obtido 2010/06/28.
  29. ^ Godrich & Fang 1976
  30. ^ Association for Asian Studies. Ming Biographical History Project Committee, Luther Carrington Goodrich, Chao-ying Fang (1976).Dictionary of Ming biography, 1368–1644 . Columbia University Press. p. 1038. ISBN 0-231-03833-X . Obtido 2010/06/28.
  31. ^ Jonathan D. Spence, John E. Wills, Jr., Jerry B. Dennerline (1979). From Ming to Ch'ing: Conquest, Region, and Continuity in Seventeenth-Century China . Yale University Press. p. 177. ISBN0-300-02672-2 . Obtido 2010/06/28.
  32. ^ Zhang, Yuxin; Xiang, Hongjia; Information Office of the State Council. People's Republic of China (2002). Testimony of History . China: China Intercontinental Press. p. 73. ISBN 7-80113-885-6 .
  33. ^ Wang Jiawei & Nyima Gyaincain (1997), 39–41.
  34. ^ Mingshi -Geography I «明史•地理一»: 東起朝鮮,西據吐番,南包安南,北距大磧。; Geography III «明史•地理三»: 七年七月置西安行都衛於此,領河州、朵甘、烏斯藏、三衛。; Western territory III «明史•列傳第二百十七西域三»
  35. a b c d Wylie (2003), 470.
  36. ^ Wang & Nyima (1997), 1–40.
  37. ^ Laird (2006), 106–7.
  38. ^ Hoffman (2003), 65.
  39. ^ Wang & Nyima (1997), 37.
  40. ^ Goldstein (1997), 4–5.
  41. ^ Norbu (2001), 52.
  42. ^ Kolmas, 32. not specific enough to verify ]
  43. ^ Wang & Nyima (1997), 39–40.
  44. ^ Sperling (2003), 474–5, 478.
  45. ^ Perdue (2000), 273.
  46. ^ Kolmas, 28–9. not specific enough to verify ]
  47. ^ Laird (2006), 131
  48. ^ Kolmas, 29. not specific enough to verify ]
  49. ^ Chan (1988), 262.
  50. ^ Norbu (2001), 58.
  51. a b c Laird (2006), 137.
  52. ^ Wang & Nyima (1997), 42.
  53. ^ Dreyfus (2003), 504.
  54. ^ Langlois (1988), 139, 161.
  55. ^ Geiss (1988), 417–8.
  56. ^ Ebrey (1999), 227.
  57. ^ Wang & Nyima (1997), 38.
  58. ^ Kolmas, 30–1. not specific enough to verify ]
  59. ^ Goldstein (1997), 8.
  60. ^ Laird (2006), 143–4.
  61. ^ The Ming Biographical History Project of the Association for Asian Studies (1976), 23.
  62. ^ Kolmas, 34–5. not specific enough to verify ]
  63. ^ Goldstein (1997), 6–9.
  64. ^ Laird (2006), 152.
  65. ^ Brook (1998), 19.
  66. ^ Brook (1998), 30–2.
  67. ^ Brook (1998), 28–9.
  68. a b Brook (1998), 65–7.
  69. ^ Brook (1998), 27–8, 94–5.
  70. a b c Brook (1998), 97.
  71. ^ Brook (1998), 85, 146, 154.
  72. ^ Brook (1998), 136–7.
  73. ^ Brook (1998), 69.
  74. ^ Brook (1998), 65–6, 112–3.
  75. ^ Brook (1998), 113–7.
  76. ^ Brook (1998), 124-5.
  77. ^ Brook (1998), 144-5.
  78. ^ Brook (1998), 128, 144.
  79. ^ Brook (1998), 7.
  80. ^ Brook (1998), 73.
  81. ^ Brook (1998), 6–7, 90–1.
  82. ^ Brook (1998), 90–3.
  83. ^ Brook (1998), 90–3, 129–30, 151.
  84. ^ Brook (1998), 128–9, 134–8.
  85. ^ Gernet (1962), 60–1, 68–9.
  86. ^ Brook (1998), 161.
  87. ^ Brook (1998), 10, 49–51, 56.
  88. ^ Brook (1998), 40–3.
  89. ^ Brook (1998), 10, 118–9.
  90. a b c d e Hucker (1958), 25.
  91. ^ Brook (1998), 102.
  92. ^ Brook (1998), 108.
  93. ^ Brook (1998), 68–9, 81–3.
  94. ^ Fairbank & Goldman (2006), 134–5.
  95. ^ Brook (1998), xx.
  96. ^ Brook (1998), xxi, 89.
  97. ^ Robinson (2000), 527.
  98. ^ Atwell (2002), 84.
  99. a b Ebrey (2006), 272.
  100. a b c Ebrey (1999), 194.
  101. ^ Brook (1998), 46–7.
  102. ^ Brook (1998), 47.
  103. ^ Brook (1998), 74–5.
  104. a b Chang (2007), 66–7.
  105. ^ Fairbank & Goldman (2006), 137.
  106. ^ Xin Yuanou: Guanyu Zheng He baochuan chidu de jishu fenxi (A Technical Analysis of the Size of Zheng He's Ships). Shanghai 2002, p. 8.
  107. ^ Church: The Colossal Ships of Zheng He — Image or Reality?, Sally K in Salmon, Claudine; Ptak, Roderich; Höllmann, Thomas, eds. (2005), Zheng He — Images & Perceptions , South China and Maritime Asia, 15 , Wiesbaden: O. Harrasowitz, pp. 155–76, ISBN3-447-05114-0 .
  108. ^ Fairbank & Goldman (2006), 137–8.
  109. a b c Fairbank & Goldman (2006), 138.
  110. a b c d Fairbank & Goldman (2006), 139.
  111. ^ Robinson (1999), 80.
  112. ^ Fairbank & Goldman (2006), 138–9.
  113. a b Ebrey (2006), 273.
  114. ^ Robinson (2000), 533–4.
  115. ^ Robinson (2000), 534.
  116. ^ Yingzong Shilu , 184.17b, 185.5b.
  117. ^ Robinson (1999), 85, footnote 18.
  118. ^ Robinson (1999), 83.
  119. ^ Robinson (1999), 84–5.
  120. ^ Robinson (1999), 96–7.
  121. ^ Robinson (1999), 79, 101–8.
  122. ^ Robinson (1999), 81.
  123. ^ Laird (2006), 141.
  124. ^ Robinson (1999), 83, 101.
  125. ^ Ebrey (1999), 208.
  126. a b c d Ebrey (1999), 211.
  127. ^ Ebrey (1999), 214.
  128. a b c d Brook (1998), 124.
  129. ^ Pfoundes (1882), 89.
  130. ^ Nowell (1947), 8.
  131. ^ Mote et al. (1998), 339.
  132. ^ Mote et al. (1998), 337–8.
  133. ^ Needham (1986), "7", 5 , p. 369 .
  134. ^ Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. China Branch (1895). Journal of the China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society for the year… . 27-8 . p. 44 . Obtido 2010/06/28.
  135. ^ Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. North-China Branch (1894). Journal of the North-China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society . 26–7 . p. 44 . Obtido 2010/06/28.
  136. ^ The Ming Biographical History Project of the Association for Asian Studies (1976), 410–1.
  137. a b Brook (1998), 206.
  138. ^ Brook (1998), 205–6.
  139. a b Spence (1999), 19–20.
  140. a b c Spence (1999), 20.
  141. ^ Brook (1998), 205.
  142. ^ Crosby (2003), 198–201.
  143. ^ Gernet (1962), 136.
  144. ^ Crosby (2003), 200.
  145. ^ Hucker (1958), 31.
  146. a b c Spence (1999), 16.
  147. ^ Ebrey (2006), 281–3.
  148. ^ Ebrey (1999), 203–6, 213.
  149. a b Ebrey (1999), 194–5.
  150. a b Spence (1999), 17.
  151. ^ Hucker (1958), 11.
  152. ^ Spence (1999), 17–8.
  153. ^ Spence (1999), 19.
  154. ^ Brook (1998), 208.
  155. ^ Brook (1998), 289.
  156. ^ Spence (1999), 20–1.
  157. a b c Spence (1999), 21.
  158. ^ Spence (1999), 22–4.
  159. ^ Tsunami among world's worst disasters . BBC News.December 30, 2004.
  160. ^ Spence (1999), 27.
  161. a b Spence (1999), 24.
  162. ^ Spence (1999), 24–5.
  163. ^ Spence (1999), 24, 28.
  164. a b Chang (2007), 92.
  165. a b Spence (1999), 31.
  166. ^ Spence (1999), 21–2.
  167. a b Spence (1999), 22.
  168. a b c Spence (1999), 25.
  169. ^ Spence (1999), 32–3.
  170. ^ Spence (1999), 33.
  171. ^ Spence (1999), 34–5.
  172. ^ Yuan (1994), 193–4.
  173. ^ Hartwell (1982), 397–8.
  174. ^ Hucker (1958), 5.
  175. a b Hucker (1958), 28.
  176. ^ Chang (2007), 15, footnote 42.
  177. a b Chang (2007), 16.
  178. a b Hucker (1958), 16.
  179. ^ Hucker (1958), 23.
  180. ^ Hucker (1958), 29–30.
  181. ^ Hucker (1958), 30.
  182. ^ Hucker (1958), 31–32.
  183. ^ Hucker (1958), 32.
  184. ^ Hucker (1958), 33.
  185. ^ Hucker (1958), 33–35.
  186. ^ Hucker (1958), 35.
  187. a b Hucker (1958), 36.
  188. a b c d Hucker (1958), 24.
  189. ^ Hucker (1958), 11, 25.
  190. ^ Hucker (1958), 25–26.
  191. a b c Hucker (1958), 26.
  192. ^ Ebrey (1999), 200.
  193. a b Hucker (1958), 12.
  194. ^ Ebrey (2006), 96.
  195. ^ Ebrey (1999), 145–6.
  196. a b c Ebrey (1999), 199.
  197. ^ Ebrey (1999), 198–9.
  198. ^ Ebrey (1999), 201–2.
  199. ^ Ebrey (1999), 202.
  200. a b Ebrey (1999), 198.
  201. ^ Hucker (1958), 11–2.
  202. a b Hucker (1958), 14.
  203. ^ Brook (1998), xxv.
  204. ^ Hucker (1958), 15–6.
  205. ^ Hucker (1958), 17.
  206. ^ Hucker (1958), 18.
  207. ^ Hucker (1958), 18–9.
  208. ^ Hucker (1958), 24–5.
  209. ^ Hucker (1958), 8.
  210. a b Hucker (1958), 19.
  211. ^ Fairbank & Goldman (2006), 109–12.
  212. ^ Hucker (1958), 19–20.
  213. ^ Robinson (1999), 116–7.
  214. a b Spence (1999), 10.
  215. ^ Brook (1998), 224–5.
  216. ^ Brook (1998), 225.
  217. ^ Brook (1998), 225–6.
  218. ^ Needham (1986), Volume 3, 524.
  219. ^ Hargett (1985), 69.
  220. ^ Brook (1998), xxi.
  221. ^ Brook (1998), 215–7.
  222. ^ Ebrey (2006), 104–5.
  223. ^ Ebrey (1999), 202–3.
  224. ^ Chang (2007), 318–9.
  225. ^ Chang (2007), 319.
  226. a b Chang (2007), 318.
  227. ^ Brook (1998), 229–31.
  228. ^ Ebrey (1999), 201.
  229. a b Ebrey (1999), 212.
  230. ^ Wong (1963), 30–2.
  231. ^ White (1966), Volume 1, 31–8.
  232. ^ Lipman (1998), 39.
  233. a b c d e f Ebrey (2006), 282.
  234. ^ Ebrey (2006), 281.
  235. a b Ebrey (2006), 281–282.
  236. ^ Ebrey (2006), 283.
  237. ^ Ebrey (1999), 158.
  238. ^ Brook (1998), 230.
  239. a b c Ebrey (1999), 213.
  240. ^ Ebrey (1999), 206.
  241. a b c Spence (1999), 13.
  242. a b Spence (1999), 12–3.
  243. ^ Brook (1998), 229, 232.
  244. ^ Brook (1998), 232–3.
  245. ^ Schafer (1956), 57.
  246. a b c Brook (1998), 95.
  247. ^ Spence (1999), 14.
  248. ^ Needham (1986), Volume 3, 444–5.
  249. ^ Needham (1986), Volume 3, 444–7.
  250. ^ Wong (1963), 31 (footnote 1).
  251. ^ Needham (1986), Volume 3, 110.
  252. ^ Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 2, 255–7.
  253. a b Kuttner (1975), 166.
  254. a b c d Engelfriet (1998), 78.
  255. ^ Kuttner (1975), 166–7.
  256. a b Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 2, pp. 133, 508.
  257. ^ Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 2, 438.
  258. ^ Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 2, 509.
  259. ^ Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 2, 511.
  260. ^ Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 2, 510–1.
  261. ^ Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 2, 276.
  262. ^ Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 2, 274–6.
  263. ^ Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 2, 171–2.
  264. ^ Song (1966), 7–30, 84–103.
  265. ^ Song (1966), 171–2, 189, 196.
  266. ^ Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 3, 668
  267. ^ Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 3, 634, 649–50, 668–9.
  268. ^ Song (1966), 36–6.
  269. ^ Song (1966), 237, 190.
  270. ^ Needham (1986), Volume 5, Part 7, 126.
  271. ^ Needham (1986), Volume 5, Part 7, 205, 339 F.
  272. ^ Needham (1986), Volume 6, Part 2, 65–6.
  273. ^ Needham (1986), Volume 5, Part 7, 372.
  274. ^ Needam (1986), Volume 5, Part 7, 24–5.
  275. ^ Needham (1986), Volume 5, Part 7, 264.
  276. ^ Needham (1986), Volume 5, Part 7, 203–5.
  277. ^ Needham (1986), Volume 5, Part 7, 205.
  278. ^ Needham (1986), Volume 5, Part 7, 498–502.
  279. ^ Needham (1986), Volume 5, Part 7, 508.
  280. ^ Needham (1986), Volume 5, Part 7, 229.
  281. ^ Temple (1986), 137.
  282. ^ "Who invented the toothbrush and when was it invented?" . A Biblioteca do Congresso. 2007-04-04 . Obtido 2008-08-18.
  283. ^ Brook (1998), 27.
  284. a b Brook (1998), 267.
  285. ^ Brook (1998), 97–9.
  286. a b Brook (1998), 28, 267.
  287. a b c Brook (1998), 28.
  288. ^ Brook (1998), 27–8.
  289. ^ Ho (1959), 8–9, 22, 259.
  290. ^ Atwell (2002), 86.
  291. ^ Brook (1998), 94–6.
  292. a b Brook (1998), 162.
  293. ^ Fairbank & Goldman (2006), 128.
  294. ^ Brook (1998), 163.


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